Midieval Technology And Social Change :: essays research papers

mediaeval Technology and Social Change Medieval Technology and Social Change Oxford University Press branch published Medieval Technology and Social Change in 1962. It discusses the technological advances during the medieval times and how these changes affected society. The books author, Lynn White, Jr., was born in San Francisco in 1907. Educated at Stanford, Union Theological, and Princeton, White taught at Princeton and the University of California at Los Angeles. He was also president of Mills College in Oakland from the 1940s to the 1960s. His other works include Medieval Religion and Technology Collected Essays, published in 1978 and Life & Work in Medieval Europe, the Evolution of Medieval Economy from the Fifth to the ordinal Century, published in 1982. Whites work has been influential both in medieval history and the history of science. In Medieval Technology and Social Change, White examines the determination of technological innovation during the rise of social gro ups in the Middle Ages. White begins with the invention of the stirrup. He shows how this innovation, in turn, introduced heavy, long-range cavalry to the medieval battlefield. The development therefrom escalated small-scale conflict to "shock combat." Cannons and flame-throwers followed, as did more peaceful inventions, such as watermills and reapers. White also reviews the development of the manorial system with the introduction of raw(a) kinds of plows and new methods of crop rotation. He reviews the evolution of the scratch plow into the heavy plow and explains the use of each type in different areas of Europe. White beside discusses the social effects of feudalism and how it spread from the Franks to Spain and later to England. He shows that military service became a matter of class, with lands and titles being exchanged for the commitment to serve as mounted warriors. The concept of the knights duty to his lord translated into chivalry and noble obligation. White th en ventures into the slow collapse of feudalism, coming about with the development of machines and tools. This caused the introduction of factories, which took the orchestrate of cottage industries. Although Whites work falls short in a few areas, it is valuable for the attention that it pays to aspects of medieval history that too often go ignore Whites work is important because he advocates the importance of science and technology to medieval history. Before White, few scholars thought that any significant science or technology was done in Europe during the Middle.

The Atomic Bombs Impression on Scientific History Essay -- Atomic Wea

The Atomic Bombs Impression on Scientific History This website validates the impressive personality of the development of the Atomic bomb as part of scientific history. It get out discuss the discoveries that scientists made throughout history that were vitally important to the project. Additionally, this site will also cover the development of the Manhattan Project, including the different production facilities that existed. Lastly, this site will cover the testing of the first Atomic bomb.The development of the Atomic bomb is the nearly impressive scientific development in history. The development of the bomb began with scientists cash in ones chipsing on independent projects, which climaxed with the Manhattan Project, and merged full strength with the testing at Trinity. The background knowledge and history of the science that lead up to the Manhattan Project is important because it incorporates many ideas from prior decades. The Manhattan Project is the largest demonstrat ion of the scientific community coming together ever. Hundreds and thousands of mint and communities came together for one common goal, to end World War II. Finally, the power and awe of this project itself was realized with the testing at Trinity. This marked the end of the Manhattan Project. It is for these threesome reasons that the development of the Atomic bomb is the most impressive development in scientific history.The development of the Atomic bomb was impressive because it was an accumulation of decades of physics and chemistry. originally anyone ever thought or expressed ideas about mass production of atomic bombs, scientific groundwork had to be established. Forty years prior to the devising of the Atomic bomb scientists were developing ideas that would later become the ba... ...crifice personal profits for the common goal of ending the war without knowing if the project would even work is also what makes this so extraordinary. It is for all these reasons that the development of The Atomic bomb is the single most remarkable scientific development in history.References Printed Materials 1. Groueff, Stephane. Manhattan Project The Untold tommyrot of the Making of the Atomic Bomb. CanadaLittle Brown and Company, 1967. p3-3622. Groves, Leslie R. Now it can be Told The Story of the Manhattan Project. brisk York Harper and Brothers, 1962. p 68-93.3. Lens, Sidney. The Bomb. New York E.P. Dutton, 1982. p 4-10.4. Meadows, Jack. The Great Scientists. New York Oxford University Press, 1987.5. Rhodes, Richard. The Making of Atomic Bomb. New York Sim and Schuster, 1986. p 394- 395, 487-491, 547-548, 602.

A High Wind In Jamaica :: essays research papers

A High Wind in Jamaica is set in The Caribbean during the mid-1800s. The book is about a group of children living on a pirate ship, and gives in destiny into the world that children live in. Over the course of the book, the children do mankindy bad things, without feeling any guilt Emily murders a man Rachael drops a marlin spike from the mast almost killing Emily, and Emily condemns the captain and crew that she had come to love to death or deportation without seeming to care at all.At the beginning of the story Emily is just an frequent little girl, but as the story continues she begins to feel herself changing. By the end of the story, Emily has gained self-consciousness and thinks of herself not as an ordinary little girl but as Emily.Emily murders a captured Dutch captain, but she doesnt feel guilty and no one suspects that she did it. She only worries that she might be found out. She didnt even think that what she did was wrongNear the end of the book, Emily is brought to co urt to testify against the pirates. When asked about the murder of the Dutch captain, she cries He was all finesse in his own bloodhe was awful Hehe died. Sobbing hysterically, Emily is carried out of the box by her father. As he stepped down with her she caught sight for the first time of Jonsen and the crewThe terrible look on Jonsens face as his eye met hers. Once she is safely in a cab, she becomes herself with move rapidity. She began to talk about all she had seen, just as if it had been a party All Emily worries about is whether or not she said her piece in good order.Near the end of the book, Captain Jonsen decides to put the children on a steamer to England. Before they are sent to the new ship, he asks them not to tell anyone that he and the crew are pirates. Everyone agrees not to tell, and it seems that all is well. When the children arrive on the steamer, they do not say anything about their stay on the pirate ship. When Emily becomes hysterical a stewardess carries h er down to her room. While she is being put to bed, she tells the stewardess about the pirates, breaking her promise to Jonsen, Emily thinks nothing of it, and she feels relieved at having told someone.

A Historical Overview of the Geography, Politics, and Culture of Montserrat :: Essays on Politics

A Historical Overview of the Geography, Politics, and Culture of Montserrat Montserrat is a small Caribbean island with an interesting geographical, economic, political, and pagan history. Montserrat was inhabited by a succession of Amerindian groups before being discovered by Spanish explorers in the 1400s. In the seventeenth century, Montserrat was claimed by Great Britain, and colonized by an English ruling class, and their Irish indentured servants and African slaves. These new inhabitants created a plantation economy in order to grow sugar cane, thereby significantly changing the landscape. The combination of English, Irish, and African residents also created a unique culture and a form of English Creole. Politically and economically, Montserrat has depended on Great Britain for close four centuries. In the late-1990s, a volcanic disaster devastated Montserrat and changed the islands geography, economy, and political relationship with the United Kingdom. Montse rrats culture was also affected, as many pack fled the island, and those who remained were forced to drastically alter their lifestyle. Geography Montserrat is a small, Leeward Island in the Caribbeans lesser Antilles, located 27 miles southwest of Antigua, at 16 45 N, 62 12 W. The island is roughly 12 miles long by 7 miles wide, with a land area of 62 square miles. The climate is tropical, with a regard as temperature of 78 degrees Fahrenheit, and only slight daily and seasonal temperature variation. The average relative humidity is 75%, and average rainfall is 35 to 40 inches a year. The squiffy season lasts from June to December and the dry season stretches from January to May, but droughts can last close to a year. Like many of the other islands in the crescent of the Lesser Antilles, Montserrat was formed by volcanic eruptions thousands of years ago. This volcanic formation resulted in Montserrats rugged, plenteousnessous landscape, and inspired Col umbus to name the island after a mountain in north Spain. Until 1995, the lay of the land was as follows. In the Northern part of Montserrat lie the oldest volcanic structures, the Silver Hills. These hills have undergone much erosion, with strong northeastern breezes constantly blowing on them. They are less than 1,000 feet in elevation, with rounded slopes and broad ghauts.

Hong Kong Post-colonial Cinema Essay -- Post Colonial Hong Kong Cultur

The Construction of the western Other in Hong Kong Post-colonial CinemaHong Kong has always remained a very unique city, one and only(a) which is said to have a westerly past, an Eastern future. Since its colonisation by the British in the 1860s, it has maintained to a very large extent its Chinese identicalness and its alliance to its Motherland, while at the same time, has frequent contact with the Western world, politically, economically, and culturally. Hong Kongs unique position has made the city a vibrant international city that acts as a connect between East and West. except after it was returned to China in 1997, this former British colony has been constantly reassessing its British past, fight to chance its new position and redefining its identity.The quest for identity speedily finds its place in the construction of the notion of Hong Kong-ness in films. The local cinema has remained as a powerful cultural institution, both reflecting and intervening in the discou rses of alterities and selfhood. It is thereof not surprising that in local films, the cinematic representations of Hong Kong have been seen as inextricably interlocking with the triangular relationship between the British coloniser, the Chinese motherland, and Hong Kong itself. Since its outset in the 1910s, the Hong Kong film industry has enjoyed much independence from colonial control, yet simultaneously much association with Western culture. Many films openly deal with the antecedent of East meets West in which Hong Kongese identity is very much expressed in transnational settings against the human beings of a Western Other, in particular through the passage of Westerners visiting Asia, and vice versa. After the handover, Hong Kong as a geopolitical en... ...a journey of discovery/rediscovery of what the Western world sum ups to mean, while at the same time, negotiating the redefinition of selfhood and national identity of Hong Kong. The will to search for a reconcilia tion with the West in these films is certainly deeply insert in Hong Kongs search for its own identity in the post-colonial era. After its return to its Chinese motherland, Hong Kong consequently takes up the important position as the bridge between China and the West. Many recognize that its success to find its identity as part of China in the future depends on its ability to come to terms with its colonial past. Indeed, as we have seen, both films positively insist on the possibility of fulfilling such an aspiration. The process is not a comfortable one, and it is often one of pain and risks. Yet the films assure that it is also one of promise and hope. Hong Kong Post-colonial Cinema Essay -- Post Colonial Hong Kong CulturThe Construction of the Western Other in Hong Kong Post-colonial CinemaHong Kong has always remained a very unique city, one which is said to have a Western past, an Eastern future. Since its colonisation by the British in the 1860s, it has maint ained to a very large extent its Chinese identity and its connection to its Motherland, while at the same time, has frequent contact with the Western world, politically, economically, and culturally. Hong Kongs unique position has made the city a vibrant international metropolis that acts as a bridge between East and West. Yet after it was returned to China in 1997, this former British colony has been constantly reassessing its British past, struggling to find its new position and redefining its identity.The quest for identity quickly finds its place in the construction of the notion of Hong Kong-ness in films. The local cinema has remained as a powerful cultural institution, both reflecting and intervening in the discourses of alterities and selfhood. It is therefore not surprising that in local films, the cinematic representations of Hong Kong have been seen as inextricably interwoven with the triangular relationship between the British coloniser, the Chinese motherland, and Hong Kong itself. Since its inception in the 1910s, the Hong Kong film industry has enjoyed much independence from colonial control, yet simultaneously much association with Western culture. Many films openly deal with the theme of East meets West in which Hong Kongese identity is often expressed in transnational settings against the existence of a Western Other, in particular through the portrayal of Westerners visiting Asia, and vice versa. After the handover, Hong Kong as a geopolitical en... ...a journey of discovery/rediscovery of what the Western world comes to mean, while at the same time, negotiating the redefinition of selfhood and national identity of Hong Kong. The will to search for a reconciliation with the West in these films is certainly deeply embedded in Hong Kongs search for its own identity in the post-colonial era. After its return to its Chinese motherland, Hong Kong consequently takes up the important position as the bridge between China and the West. Many recogniz e that its success to find its identity as part of China in the future depends on its ability to come to terms with its colonial past. Indeed, as we have seen, both films positively insist on the possibility of fulfilling such an aspiration. The process is not a comfortable one, and it is often one of pain and risks. Yet the films assure that it is also one of promise and hope.

Hong Kong Post-colonial Cinema Essay -- Post Colonial Hong Kong Cultur

The Construction of the wattern Other in Hong Kong Post-compound CinemaHong Kong has always remained a very funny urban center, one which is said to have a horse opera past, an easterly future. Since its colonisation by the British in the 1860s, it has maintained to a very massive extent its Chinese identity and its connection to its Motherland, darn at the same time, has frequent contact with the occidental world, politically, economically, and culturally. Hong Kongs unique position has made the city a vibrant international metropolis that acts as a bridge between East and West. Yet after it was returned to mainland China in 1997, this former British colony has been constantly reassessing its British past, struggling to find its late position and redefining its identity.The quest for identity quickly finds its place in the construction of the notion of Hong Kong-ness in films. The local cinema has remained as a powerful cultural institution, both reflecting and intervening i n the discourses of alterities and selfhood. It is therefore not surprising that in local films, the cinematic representations of Hong Kong have been seen as inextricably interwoven with the triangular consanguinity between the British coloniser, the Chinese motherland, and Hong Kong itself. Since its inception in the 1910s, the Hong Kong film industry has enjoyed much liberty from colonial control, yet simultaneously much association with Western culture. Many films openly deal with the theme of East meets West in which Hong Kongese identity is ofttimes expressed in transnational settings against the existence of a Western Other, in particular through the portrayal of Westerners visiting Asia, and vice versa. After the handover, Hong Kong as a geopolitical en... ...a journey of discovery/rediscovery of what the Western world comes to mean, while at the same time, negotiating the redefinition of selfhood and national identity of Hong Kong. The will to search for a reconciliation with the West in these films is certainly deeply embedded in Hong Kongs search for its own identity in the post-colonial era. After its return to its Chinese motherland, Hong Kong consequently takes up the important position as the bridge between China and the West. Many recognize that its success to find its identity as part of China in the future depends on its ability to come to terms with its colonial past. Indeed, as we have seen, both films positively insist on the possibility of fulfilling such an aspiration. The carry through is not a comfortable one, and it is often one of anguish and risks. Yet the films assure that it is also one of promise and hope. Hong Kong Post-colonial Cinema Essay -- Post compound Hong Kong CulturThe Construction of the Western Other in Hong Kong Post-colonial CinemaHong Kong has always remained a very unique city, one which is said to have a Western past, an Eastern future. Since its colonisation by the British in the 1860s, it ha s maintained to a very large extent its Chinese identity and its connection to its Motherland, while at the same time, has frequent contact with the Western world, politically, economically, and culturally. Hong Kongs unique position has made the city a vibrant international metropolis that acts as a bridge between East and West. Yet after it was returned to China in 1997, this former British colony has been constantly reassessing its British past, struggling to find its new position and redefining its identity.The quest for identity quickly finds its place in the construction of the notion of Hong Kong-ness in films. The local cinema has remained as a powerful cultural institution, both reflecting and intervening in the discourses of alterities and selfhood. It is therefore not surprising that in local films, the cinematic representations of Hong Kong have been seen as inextricably interwoven with the triangular relationship between the British coloniser, the Chinese motherland, an d Hong Kong itself. Since its inception in the 1910s, the Hong Kong film industry has enjoyed much independence from colonial control, yet simultaneously much association with Western culture. Many films openly deal with the theme of East meets West in which Hong Kongese identity is often expressed in transnational settings against the existence of a Western Other, in particular through the portrayal of Westerners visiting Asia, and vice versa. After the handover, Hong Kong as a geopolitical en... ...a journey of discovery/rediscovery of what the Western world comes to mean, while at the same time, negotiating the redefinition of selfhood and national identity of Hong Kong. The will to search for a reconciliation with the West in these films is certainly deeply embedded in Hong Kongs search for its own identity in the post-colonial era. After its return to its Chinese motherland, Hong Kong consequently takes up the important position as the bridge between China and the West. Many r ecognize that its success to find its identity as part of China in the future depends on its ability to come to terms with its colonial past. Indeed, as we have seen, both films positively insist on the possibility of fulfilling such an aspiration. The process is not a comfortable one, and it is often one of pain and risks. Yet the films assure that it is also one of promise and hope.

E-Tailing Persuasive Message

E-Tailing Many retailers welcome expanded their retail market to an online market. Using the network to snitch their goods is known as e commerce. Ecommerce allows consumers to electronically exchange goods and services with no barriers of time or distance (Network Solutions, n. d. ). E commerce has expanded apace in recent years due to its convenience for the consumer and the increase in telephone linees that use electronic retailing (e-tailing). Businesses use different marketing methods in localize to reach their customers and attract new ones. Direct MarketingDirect marketing is when businesses sell a product or service directly to the consumer (B2C). With direct marketing, businesses hand several options in marketing to their consumers. Businesses offer use direct mail, television ads, and internet marketing just to name a few. There has been a source in direct marketing in recent years. The use of direct marketing can be more costs effective for a business without hav ing the additional cost of the overhead of a traditional store. Amazon. com took book stores to the next level when they began their website selling books via the internet in the mid 1990s.Some companies such as skin care products Proactiv and Skin ID advertise on television and direct you to their websites to purchase their products. Businesses can reach customers directly through email when they sign up for mailing lists. Emails Businesses will contact customers directly through email. This happens often with existing customers. Wells Fargo bank will contact their customers with special offers of products and services with occasional emails. opposite businesses will email their customers coupons to draw them into their stores.Baskin Robins ice cream lure their customers in their stores with email coupons promising them free ice cream on their birthday. Email marketing that offers customers special savings and free products can be a very effective marketing tool. Websites Interne t consumers can find great deals on kick the bucket when they go to rifle websites such as Expedia and Travelocity where customers can purchase airfare, rental cars and hotels. Many of these sites offer price matching and other incentive when consumers book their travel plans with their company.They also allow the customer to comparison shop different travel deals in order to eliminate confusion for the consumer. Click-and-Mortar A popular trend in e tailing has been click-and-mortar retailers. Click-and-mortar is typically when e-tailers have an existing store and have branched out into selling their products online (Turban, et al, 2008). Many retailers have expanded their stores to an online market with their stores websites. Stores such as Walmart and Best Buy have tapped into this market. Some of these retailers have some products that are only available for purchase online.Best Buy for example, will sell products that were available at one time in their retail stores but are now only available online. There has also been a touch with e-tailers have moved from internet only to physical brick-and-mortar stores. They have taken a popular, successful way of shopping and brought it to consumers in a traditional way. These e-tailers dark brick-and-mortar as well as those who rely solely on direct marketing can target their consumers with emails, banner ads on popular websites such as social networking sites, and with internet mailing lists.Some businesses do not have enough of a market for their goods to convert to a click-and-mortar retailer because they would not have enough consumers (Turban, et al, 2008). When e-tailers are trying to attract potential customers, no involvement what medium they use all messages must follow a similar model. The vector must make clear the purpose of the message, choose the best media for their message, and the technology they will use to deliver the message. When a business chooses the right forum they can be very effect ive in e tailing. Persuasive Message Member of the Community,Your local City Animal Shelter is making the move into seemly a no kill shelter by the year 2012. We are asking the residents of this city to assist us in meeting this goal by participating in our upcoming low cost spay and neutering clinics. We are also asking for your donations in order to get our new dressing program up and running so that we may train some of our older dogs to assist the antique and disabled members of our community. Although the number of animals that are being euthanized is on the decline, any animal put to death is a precious life lost.Countless numbers of animals are being senselessly euthanized as a matter of population control. In order to reach our goals, the shelter plans to begin training as many of the older animals as service dogs because these animals are the least plausibly to be adopted out and the most likely to be euthanized. Hosting a low cost vaccination clinic will help reduce th e number of strays and unwished-for animals in the community. Euthanizing animals can no longer be used as a method of population control. We must begin to use our cities unwanted animals in order to help our neighbors in the community that need our help.Please help us by participating in our spay and neutering clinics or with a contribution to get our program off and running. Together we can make this a no kill city and improve the quality of life for our cities elderly and disabled. Sincerely, Your City Animal Shelter References Network Solutions. (n. d. ). What is Ecommerce? Retrieved, May 10, 2010, from http//www. networksolutions. com/education/what-is-ecommerce/ Turban, E. , King, D. , McKay, J. , Marshall, P. , Lee, J. , & Viehland, D. (2008). Electronic commerce 2008 A managerial perspective (5th ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ Pearson apprentice Hall.

Summary and Response Essay Essay

How often do we actually use cursive piece these days? And if we dont write incursive, should we continue to teach our children how to? This is one of the biggest questions in our education system today. Many states ar eliminating this practice, while others are arduous to preserve this slowing fading art. Dr. Vi Supon, tells us is in the article, Cursive Writing Are Its Last geezerhood approaching?, Indicators are that expert advances and state mandated tests, in addition to other variables, are forcing cursive writing to become a casualty of the American educational landscape.Some people desire that the historical aspect of cursive writing is one we need to preserve. Before typewriters and computers, everything had to be hand written. It wasnt just a form of communication in the past many saw it as an indicator to a persons level of education. In the past penmanship was a separate tramp on report cards and students had to spend 45 minutes everyday on handwriting. Today, stu dents might get 10 15 minutes a some days a week for handwriting instruction, if any. (Carpenter, 2007). Teachers today are spending more time on keyboarding skills and are teaching it at a oftentimes younger age than before.Another concern that is addressed in this debate is students who have learning disabilities and students that use English as a second language. It is harder for these students to remove and write, so teachers tend to have the students use print or block form. The block form helps to better enable translations, helps with comprehension and concept attainments. When they understand what they are reading, they are better able to communicate effectively.It also helps the students focus on their compositions and not worry ab knocked out(p) their handwriting, which leads to a more logical thought mathematical operation and the mechanical components are more likely in place. The block form also makes reading and assessing students work easier for the teachers to g rade. And with them spending less time on deciphering writing, they are able to spend less time on grading and more time teaching. Teachers today have more content to teach and need to boil down on the requirements for the statetests.After reading this article I asked myself the same questions I first asked you. Having school-age children myself, I realized how much school has changed since I myself was in school. I was always taught when composing a paper to first put all your thoughts on paper and then compose into a rough lottery and then final draft. All of these were always suppose to be in cursive writing. After we had our written final and the teacher looked at it, we had to type out our papers, either on a typewriter or on the computer. I always struggled with this due to the fact that I have awful handwriting.But my kids dont seem to have any issue because their writings are done on the computer the first time and they dont have the fretfulness of how their handwriting l ooks. Having recently returned to school myself, I have found that a lot of the teaching methods have changed. And even though it is an adjustment, it is more practical. Thinking backrest I realized how much extra work I did by writing and then rewriting, followed by typing. And if I wouldnt have spent preferably so much time on trying to get my paper to look nicer, maybe I would have gotten a better grade on the report for the mechanics of the paper.Without I doubt, this debate will likely continue for quite some time. The historical, practical and essential aspects still raise many questions in todays society. With our youth becoming more technolically advanced, we will more than likely continue to see other changes to our education system. Unfortunately, there will be other casualties of our changing educational landscape. But only time will tell what the outcomes will be.ReferencesCarpenter, C. Cursive Writing Are Its Last Days Approaching? Supon, Vi Cursive Writing Are Its La st Days Approaching?

Despite Their Cultural Differences Essay

Despite Their Cultural Differences, Do Jeanette From Oranges Are Not The Only Fruit & Celie From The tinct Purple Both Share The Same Struggle?The cultural differences of the two characters are numerous and the implications far reaching. The austere but comfortable working coterie security of Oranges Are Not the Only Fruit, contrasts greatly with the urban squalor of The Colour Purple. fifty-fifty though there is such a wide social divide the two women share many similar struggles.Both women are struggling against the imposition and enforcement of belief systems and intolerant judgements upon them. In Jeanettes manner her mother mainly imposes her controlling and stifling phantasmal views upon her. She feels press ganged to the extent that I had been brought in to join her in a tag match against the reside of the World. The entirety of Jeanettes early life is a moulding process, where she is forced to endure the influence of enemies including The Devil (in his many forms), Ne xt Door, Sex (in its many forms), and slugs.Celies initial struggle takes on a much more chilling and darker tone. Her perspective comes from her being made to accept the role of a victim. Her stepfather tears outdoor(a) her basic human rights as he abuses her, He start to choke me, saying you better shut up and git used to it. It is a unending challenge to achieve the recognition by others that she has nothing in her present, miserable existence.Why dont you look dainty? Put on something only if what Im sposed to put on? I dont feature nothing.One challenge faced by Celie is how to access a decent education, and further her basic skills. As she is seen as little more than a servant, her family believes that there is little need for her to further herself and grow.The first time I got grown Pa, took me out of school, He never care that I love it.In the initial section of Colour Purple, the writing skills of Celie are very poor and beam the poor education she has received. The entire opening diary entries are littered with colloquialisms and miss spellings, Left me to see after the others. He never have a kine word to say to me. This often leads to the impression that the words of Celie are coming from an intelligent mind that does not quite have the tools to express itself properly. later on on in the novel, influenced by reading her sisters letters and her own determination to succeed, she develops a much more fluid and sharper style, Even thought you had the trees with you, the whole Earth. The stars. But look at you. When Shug left, happiness desert. It is still not writing of an educated woman, but a woman who is beginning to essay her situation.The struggle of Jeanettes education is never one that is based on literary or language deficiencies. From a young age she is encouraged to have a firm grasp of The Bible. Jeanettes initial keeping away from school limits her to her mother for a source of information. This leads to Jeanette having a bizarre view on the world from a young age.My favourite was Number 16, the Buzule of Carpathian.As Celie has been at the mercy of such extreme sexist views for the beginning of her life, and Jeanette at the mercy of religious ones, they both struggle not pass their misguided views on to others. When Celie is not successful in refraining from doing so, it has a profound impact upon Sofia. The insecurity and inadequacy of Celie forces her to twist advice to Harpo, which leads to domestic violence. Celie has become so use to ritualised violence that the promotion of it actually becomes a strange form of advice. Only the pathetic nature of her advice saves her friendship with Sofia.She stood their a long time, like what I said took the wind out of her sails. She mad before sad now.Jeanette struggles not to pass on her misguided and often unbefitting religious views while at school. Her teachers are alarmed by religious maturity and obsessive views, Thats not the point you have been talking about Hell to young minds. Her unintentional preaching of her mothers dogma scares the children, and marks her out for abuse, And why, and this is perhaps more serious, do you terrorize, yes, terrorize the other children. This criticism eventually leads to the growth of awareness that she not teach her mothers dogma.

American Infrastructure

the Statesn Infrastructure-Now or Never Because of the poor state of the economy the reverence American infrastructure has been ignored, which poses a danger to everyone that come in contact with it. Recent disasters accommodate reminded many how important the c be of American infrastructure is. Americas infrastructure gets a identify of D from the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), which recommends that we cast off $2. 2 trillion on repairs and maintenance. Much of America is held in concert by Scotch tape, bailing wire and prayers, says director of the Fels Institute of Government at the University of Pennsylvania.But with the country no longer swimming tho drowning in debt the upkeep of things much(prenominal) as roads and bridges, which we use every day, are easily overlooked. Mike Pagano, an urban planning expert at the University of Illinois at Chicago, said We have convert ourselves that infrastructure is free, that someone else should be paying or that we have paid our share. One must stop overlooking the problems that one knows exist simply because the consequences are not immediate. Crumbling infrastructure has a direct impact on our personal and economic health, and the nations infrastructure crisis is endangering our nations future prosperity, D. Wayne Klotz. concord to the U. S. Department of Transportation more than one in four of Americas nearly 600,000 bridges need significant repairs or are burdened with more vocation than they were designed to carry. A third of the countrys major roadways are also in less than standard condition which data from the National passageway Safety Administration finds plays a factor in a third of more than 43,000 traffic fatalities.Along with the Association of State Dam Safety Officials finding that the human body of dams that could fail has grown more that 134 percent since 1999 to 3,346 and more than 1,300 of those being high-hazard meaning their failure would threaten lives. When a council o f 28 civil engineers evaluated 15 infrastructure categories on the basis of capacity, condition, funding, future need, operation, maintenance, public safety and resilience water received the lowest grade. ASCE gave U.S drinking water, inland waterways, levees, roads and wastewater infrastructures. The report they generated estimated that leaking pipes lose septenary one million million g totallyons of faint drinking water a day Infrastructure is the four-syllable jawbreaker that governments use to describe the concrete, stone, steel, wires and wood that Americans rely on every day moreover barely notice until something goes awry (Kelderman). Due to the state of the economy many lawmakers put the money need to keep infrastructure properly taken occupy of into things like defense.The federal Clean Water State Revolving Fund, which makes low interest loans to clean up or protect water supplies, has shrunk from more than $3 million in 1990 to roughly $1 billion in 2007 (Kelderman) . The report also suggests that there is an $11 billion dollar shortfall annually needed to put to work facilities up to current federal water regulations. As stated in the article The State of the Union-Crumbling, the nation is spending less than 40 percent of the $225 billion needed annually for the next 50 years to maintain the current system of roads, rails and bridges and build enough transportation capacity for a growing population.In the past ten years there have been many infrastructure failures that make you wonder when the government will get serious some the issue at hand. Not paying attention to the condition of infrastructure has proven to be fatal. The article The State of the Union- crumbling confirms that on Aug. 1 2007 the Interstate 35 bridge in downtown Minneapolis collapsed into the Mississippi river, violent death thirteen people. Steam pipe explosions in Midtown Manhattan last summer killed one and disrupted many.In March 2006 the Kaloko artificial lake da m in Hawaii collapsed killing seven and causing $15 million in damages. In 2005 after Hurricane Katrina the levees holding back Lake Pontchartrain gave way killing more than a thousand. Imperative calls have been made to prevent anymore catastrophes due to failing infrastructure but not much has been done. Money is lull being put into things like defense which many politicians feel is more important. But if we keep neglecting our own home we may have nothing but half mangled buildings to defend. Our leaders are looking for solutions to the nations current economic crisis. Not only could investment in these critical foundations have a positive impact, but if done responsibly, it would also provide tangible benefits to the American people, such as reduced traffic congestion, improved air quality, clean and abundant water supplies and protection against natural hazard. ASCE President D. Wayne Klotz stated. A report from Kansas city Missouri based HNTB corp. ound that 74 percent of A mericans would be willing to spend more on various transportation expenses or taxes if the money was put toward long-term transportation improvements. More than half (58 percent) of Americans would pay more each month, an middling of thirteen dollars per month, to reduce the time they spend in traffic by twenty percent. ASCE President D. Wayne Klotz also stated that Infrastructure investment at all levels must be prioritized and executed according to well conceived plans that both complement the national vision and focus on system wide outputs.Goals of the plan should pertain on freight and passenger mobility, intermodality, water use, environmental stewardship and encouraging resiliency and sustainability. The plans must reflect a better defined set of federal, state, local, and private field roles and responsibilities and instill better discipline for setting priorities and focusing funding to solve the most pressing problems. The plans should also complement our broad national goals of economic maturation and leadership, resource conservation, energy independence, and environmental stewardship.Infrastructure plans should be synchronized with regional land use planning and related regulation and incentives to promote non-structural as well as structural solutions to mitigate the growing demand for increased infrastructure capacity. A long-term infrastructure plan can foster productive growth in our economy, sustainable growth that furthers energy independence and real solutions to climate change and comprehensive growth so that low and moderate-income families have access to opportunity.And studies show that American citizen realize the importance and are willing to pay their fair share of the cost so the only thing missing now is action. Works Cited Kelderman, Eric. The church bench Charitable Trusts. Pew Center on the States. N. p. , 16 Jan. 2008. Web. 29 Oct. 2012. http//www. pewstates. org/projects/stateline/headlines/the-state-of-the-union-crumbli ng 85899387455. Failure to Act. Rep. N. p. n. p. , n. d. 2011 Report Card. American Society ofCivil Engineers, July 2011. Web. 28 Oct. 2012. http//www. asce. org/infrastructure/report-card/economic-study/. American infrastructure receives D grade on ASCE report card. Clean Water Report 4 Feb. 2009 2. General OneFile. Web. 2 Nov. 2012 Infrastructure, Infrastructure. Transport Topics. 3967 (2011) 6-. ABI/INFORM Complete. Web. 2 Nov. 2012. Americans support infrastructure investment. American City County 1 May 2011. General OneFile. Web 2 Nov. 2012.

Gastronomy †Pasta as a Favourite Food Essay

Trying to narrow down my favourite food wasnt very easy, but if I had to demand one, it would have to be pasta. The reason being is that pasta muckle be dressed up in so many different types of sauces and there atomic number 18 many different types of noodles. I also like the fact that pasta is such an old type of food but is still loved by everyone.There are stories that say that Marco Polo brought pasta back when returning from one of his journeys to China, but in fact that is not the case. Pasta was already around during the geezerhood of Polo. The Arab invasion, during the eighth century was shown to be the biggest influence for pasta, and it wasnt until 1839 when pasta and love applees (the recipe that most people lend oneself now) was first heard of.Pasta for me is my everything food. Its something that I can adopt quickly when I am in a rush if I simply buy noodles and sauce at the store, its something that you can take hours to make, its something that you can make whe n having people everywhere, because you know that everyone will like it and it is also something that you can have while out on a date.Whats great about pasta is that you can make it really quickly with an Aglio E Olio sauce (which is a butter and garlic sauce) and store bought pasta or you can take your time and make your own noodles from scratch as well as make you sauce. Also when making the basic tomato sauce you can choose whether or not you want to make it completely from scratch by cutting and roasting the tomatoes or if you want to use canned tomatoes.When I was little, my older sister and brothers Nona would make pasta noodles from scratch. My sister would always take some home and sometimes bring some over to our house. It was always a treat to be able to have fresh made pasta, especially when you knew that recipe had been pasted down from generation to generation originating in Italy.These are some of the reasons why I love pasta, and while Im here at school I hope to le arn how to make fresh pasta like the way my sister and brothers Nona did.

Culture and Health Promotion Essay

Madeline Leininger is the nurse and anthropologist who first developed the theory of addressing the needs of the whole person within their culture, inheritance and traditions. Her book, Transcultural Nursing Concepts, Theories, and Practice (1978), gave rise to an area of nursing practice that has become known as transcultural care. Nurses continue to develop tools to assess the genius of an individuals culture, traditions and heritage. The Heritage Assessment Tool, developed by Rachel Spector (2000, figure 6-1), identifies language preference, family dynamic, religious practices, educational concealmentground, and kind standing. The information gathered from the heritage estimate combined with further dialog will allow the nurse to implement an indivualized, culturally competent plan of care. The heritage assessment tool was utilized as discontinue of a series of interviews comparing the wellness traditions of subjects from three different cultures.The focus of the interview wa s health maintenance, health cheerion, and health restoration. Subject one and barely(a) is a 46 year old Hispanic female. Her paternal great-grand get under ones skin was natural in a small village in Spain. Her maternal great-grand fathers was born in Mexico. It is interesting to none that while she has both Mexican and Spanish lineage, she most strongly identified with the Spanish side of her heritage. She clearly indicated she and her family spoke Castilian Spanish, not Mexican Spanish. Both sets of her grandparents and parents were born in the United States of America (U.S.A.). Her father and grandparents are bilingual, and come from a large family of 16 children. Her grandparents had very little glob education her father attended school. Her mother was from a family of 4 children and speaksSpanish as a second language. She received formal education and was a college graduate. xx years ago, both sides of this family lived in rural areas and in close proximity but shake off since dispersed across the country for employment opportunities. This subjects family has a strong tradition of beliefs and non-traditional methods for health protection.They did not routinely seek out a physician but rather relied on herbalists and folk remedies. on that point was a strong spiritual component to this familys traditions. Prayers, lighting candles during church services and saying novenas or the rosary were all considered to be outstanding to health protection .With regards to health restoration the subjects paternal grandmother had a firm belief in mal ojo or the evil eye. When sickness occurred, it was due to mal ojo transmitting sickness through jealousy either consciously or unconsciously. Her grandmother believed many illnesses were the result of mal ojo and could be reversed through prayer and placing a bowl of hard boiled eggs near the sick person to pull out the mal ojo. In addition to prayer, teas were consumed for na utilizea or upset paunch eucalyp tus salve was applied to the chest for colds or respiratory infections, and mercurochrome was applied to any scrapes, bruises, insect bites or reddened areas on the skin.Food was an important part of health maintenance for this family. The subjects mother and grandmother both provided all the family meals which consisted primarily of fish, wild game and steamed vegetables. Food was neer fried, and wheat germ was added to most foods, including desserts. The subject relayed that in recent years her family has moved into a suburban setting. Her grandparents now seek regular care from a physician. They also have mostly abandoned the folk remedies previously preferred and now use pharmaceuticals for health restoration. Prayer remains a large part of this family culture (P. Sanchez, personal communication, January 28, 2012). Subject two is a 46 year old Asian-American female of Chinese heritage. She has no knowledge of her grandparents who are deceased. The entire family migrated to the the States when the subject was three years of age. She is the youngest of three siblings, all of whom live within the same city. It is of interest that all the girls in this family have traded their Chinese names for horse opera names and have married outside their race to men of Caucasian, non-Hispanic origin. In spite of this, the family maintains a strong culture of family unity andrespect for their ancestors.Neither her mother nor father read or write English therefore, Chinese is the language spoken when communicating at home. All the children and grandchildren are bilingual. The subject shares caretaking responsibility for her parents with her sisters. To protect health, they practice healthy eating habits and engage in regular exercise. The subjects parents walk daily, and practice tai chi. They drink warm urine afterward each meal to ensure good digestion. In the event of illness, some(prenominal) heals are apply to restore health. To reduce a fever, drinking cool wat er is believed to be effective. To alleviate a sore throat or cough, a vinegar and warm water gargle for headache, cold compresses on the forehead and back of neck with massage for body aches or pain, rest with meditation is the preferred remedy. To maintain health, this family again relies on exercise, meditation, and the use of herbal supplements and teas. Mint is used for digestion, pep is used for energy. The subject shares that her parents are now receiving Medicare benefits and they engage in primary health prevention by receiving the influenza vaccine and one-year physical examinations (C. C. Lu, personal communication, January 31, 2012).This student was the third subject. She is a 55 year old Caucasian of Scottish heritage. Her mothers side of the family is of German Descent and her fathers side is of Scottish descent. She is strongly identified with her heritage and culture as all of her family on both sides were born and lived in West Virginia. Her mother was one of six siblings her father an only child. This subject was the oldest of three siblings. The extended family unit was active in the same church and participated in many of the same social activities. They took family vacations and were together for most holidays and birthdays. Her father and grandfather were both professionals her grandfather computeed as a teacher, her father as an engineer. Both her grandmother and mother were homemakers. English is the only language spoken in this family. To protect health, this family used a combination of folk remedies and primary physician care. Both she and her siblings were immunized as babies and received yearly physical and dental exams.However, prior to seeking medical care for health restoration, her grandmother and mother would utilize herbal and folk remedies to include warm season water gargle for sore throat, cool compresses to reduce fever, or eucalyptus salve combined with inhaling steam for upper respiratory infections. Mineral oilwas used to relieve ear aches and baking soda was dissolved mixed with warm water and then drank to cure indigestion. Hot chicken soup was a cure all for any type of sickness. Food was also an important part of health maintenance for this family. Her grandmother maintained a large garden and several fruit trees. She preserved every variety of vegetable and fruit and taught this skill to the subject. The family also would join together to purchase a whole cow and have it butchered. Meals were simple and wholesome.Exercise in this family was not structured but every member participated in some type of physical activity through school, work or church. In conclusion, all three families interviewed have similar health traditions. Two of the three have strong religious traditions. All three use herbal and folk remedies in much the same way. The interviews revealed a pattern of change in tradition that appears to be based on education, and access to westerly based medicine. As the family unit s evolved through marriage, immigration, or education, their reliance on western medicine increased. However, the use of folk remedies were not completely abandoned and continued to be viewed as an important component in achieving and maintaining wellness. By including the health traditions in the nursing plan of care and teaching, the needs of the whole person can be addressed Culturally competent nursing is achieved.ReferencesLeininger, M. (1978). Transcultural nursing Concepts, theories and practice. New York Wiley. Spector, R. E. (2000). CultureCare Guide to heritage assessment and health traditions (5th ed.). Upper Saddle River, N.J. Pearson Education/PH College.

Living together before marriage Essay

The beautiful wedding and the romantic h hotshotymoon ar over now its time for the real work to receive the pairing. You move into your dream home ready to begin your life together, but this is the first time you are accompaniment together as a couple and there will be some ch whollyenges. distributively of your habits, good and gravid but mostly bad, will emerge. For him, its leaving his dirty clothes on the bathroom floor, leaving plates and cups all over the house, leaving the toilet seat up or having an fixing with pornography.For her, its leaving her cosmetics in the bathroom sink, squeezing the toothpaste from the middle, non liking to do housekeeping or not being able to cook a decent meal. All of these habits could have been predetermined from simply living together in the beginning the marriage which could also avoid a difficult situation. Living together originally marriage is a wonderful way to begin a relationship that may bear to marriage. In the past, it was considered s kindledalous for a couple to live together earlier marriage, however, in todays society it is a necessity.Opponents of cohabitation forward marriage gestate that there is a higher probability of divide when couples live together before marriage. For them, cohabitating before marriage is a bad idea as it stool pass to poor communication, a lower quality relationship, and ultimately divorce. Many persons, however, take the step of cohabitation to obstruct going into a marriage that may be short-lived and end in divorce. They believe that it is lift out to live together before marriage to test the relationship. If they live strong together just as a couple, it will be an easy transition when living together matrimonial.Cohabitating before marriage scum bag help determine whether or not the relationship will last, how difficult it will be to maintain, what problems empennage arise erst the couple reside together, and how these problems will be solved. Livin g together before marriage is a precursor to living together when married as the kinks depose be worked out, which basin lead to a happier and longer marriage. Other opponents of cohabitation before marriage believe that once they live together before marriage the mystery and surprise of acquiring to know thespouse is lost. They believe that because the couple has already learnt all of spouses quirks and habits. However, proponents of living together before marriage believe that couples should really know what they are getting into before marriage. For instance, they could learn if their partner is messy or clean, or if one person believes that the housework should be done by one partner or shared between the two partners. It is oftentimes said that you really dont know a person until you live with them.In living together before marriage they will learn their partners habits, regular activities, routines, and see how well their individual quirks mesh with each opposite. When liv ing apart, both party can hide certain bad habits from the other partner, however, when living together they can only hide their shortcomings for so long and eventually their neat colors will be exposed. Once you live together before marriage and the parties are getting along and are compatible, there is a good relegate that this behavior will continue once they get married.In the event they are not compatible, many see living together before marriage as a lower risk as if the relationship fails breaking up is considered easier than divorce. Opponents of cohabiting before marriage also believe that this brings unnecessary problems with money and finances. They believe that dealing with one persons finances can be stressful, so adding another persons finances into the mix will only increase the stress. This stress can be avoided once the decision to live together before marriage is made.Both parties can agree on a budget that will ensure not more is spent that what is allocated, f or instance, on bills and recreational items. Once they live together, finances and the money saved can be shared between the two of them. Living together means one rental recompense and one set of household bills including utilities and gas. It also allows both parties to save for other financial goals, such as investments, savings or spending the funds on the wedding. Cohabitating before marriage also gives the couple the chance to determine before the marriage how the household finances will be handled.They can decide if one person will be responsible or if it will be a joint effort. They can test run if one person is better with the finances than the other, instead of once being married arguing about it. Living together before marriage can also reveal if either party has bad spending habits of excessive debt, which they may hide living separately. I strongly believe that it is indeed important for couples to live together before marriage. It is a responsible and reasonable deci sion for a couple to cohabitate before making the life changing decision to marry.For me it makes sense to share one whole as both persons will learn of each others habits, routines, regular activities, and personal differences thence decide whether or not they want to continue in the relationship. Both partners will learn the other partners likes and dislikes, each others expectations of the relationship and how to cope in stressful times. Cohabitating before marriage can save a person from an unhappy, unhealthy marriage. Living together before marriage is definitely a necessity

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B. Tech. (Third Semester) railway car Engg. HUM-201E bedrock of Economics and Management Sessional possibility descend Duration 50 marks speed of light marks one hundred fifty marks 3 hours Unit-I Meaning of Industrial Economic, production function, its roles, to the slumpest degree cost combination, virtue of variable proportion, police of returns increasing, constant & Diminishing. Fixed & variable costs in misfortunate run & long run, opportunity costs, coincidence between AC & MC. U-shaped of a sudden run AC curve.Price & output determination under monopoly in short run & long run, price discrimination, price determination under discriminating Monopoly, comparison between Monopoly & perfective tense competition. Unit- II Meaning of commission, characteristics of management, management Vs administration, management Art, erudition & Profession, Fayols principles of management. tender relations approach. Functions of management. Unit-III Planning & Organizing Plan ning, go in planning. Planning premises, battle between planning policy & strategy. Authority & responsibility, centralization & decentralization.Unit-IV Staffing, transporting & irresponsible Manpower planning, Recruitment & section styles of leadership, communication process and barriers, ascendancy process and steps in concurling. billhook Eight questions be to be range taking deuce from severally unit. The students are required to cause five questions in all taking at least(prenominal) one from all(prenominal) unit. SCHEME OF STUDIES & examen rd B. TECH. 3 socio-economic class elevator car Engg. Semester-V S. No variant No. Course Title T for each oneing archive mark for class civilize chalk up tag for exam tag L T P Total Theory Practical 1 AE-301 E program of automobile components-I 1 4 50 atomic yield 6 cl 2 AE-303 E Auto electrical governing bodys 3 1 4 50 nose candy cl 3 ME-305 E Heat Transfer 3 1 4 50 carbon cl 4 ME-307 E Industrial rai lway locomotiveering 3 1 4 50 degree centigrade 150 5 AE-309 E self-propelled Transmission-I 3 1 4 50 100 150 AE-311 E 6 AE-313 E Applied numeric Techniques & Computing 3 1 4 50 100 150 7 Automotive Transmission rendering ground 2 2 25 25 50 8 AE-315 E Auto electrical Systems science lab 3 3 25 25 50 9 10 11 ME-317 E ME-319E AE-321 E Heat Transfer laboratory Industrial applied science testing ground Applied numeral Techniques & Computing Lab 2 2 2 2 25 25 25 25 25 25 0 50 50 TOTAL 18 6 9 33 425 600 125 1150 rase-Students volition be allowed to use Non-Programmable scientific calculator. However, sharing of calculator will not be allowed SCHEME OF STUDIES & EXAMINATION rd B. TECH. 3 grade Automobile Engg. Semester-VI S. No Course No. Course Title Teaching Schedule tag for class work Total tag for exam Marks L AE-302 E AE-304 E AE-306 E T P Total Theory Practical 1 2 3 Two & Three twineer Vehicles locomotive engineering somatics function of automobile components-II 3 4 3 1 1 4 4 4 50 50 50 100 100 100 150 150 150 4 AE-308 E Auto Pollution & retard 1 4 50 100 150 5 AE-310 E Tribology & Preventive victuals 3 1 4 50 100 150 6 AE-312 E littleprocessor and interfacing 4 4 50 100 150 7 AE-314 E Microprocessor and interfacing lab 3 1 4 25 25 50 8 AE-316 E Automobile Engg. Lab 2 2 25 25 50 9 AE-318 E Auto pollution & Control Lab 2 2 25 25 50 10 AE-320 E Graphics Lab 3 3 25 25 50 11 AE-322 E Tribology Lab 2 2 25 25 50 TOTAL 19 5 9 33 425 600 125 1150 Note-Students will be allowed to use Non-Programmable scientific calculator. However, sharing of calculator will not be allowedScheme of Studies & examinationination B. Tech. 4th course Automobile Engg. Semester VII Sr. No. Course No. Course Title Teaching L T 2 1 1 1 P 2 2 7 2 Total 5 4 3 4 4 2 2 7 2 Sessional Marks for Exam Theory Practical 25 25 100 Total Marks 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 AE-401 E ME-403 E AE-402 E AE AE AE-407 E AE-409 E AE-411 E AE-413 E operativeal v ibrations Measurement and Control Vehicle embody locomotive engineering Elective-I Elective-II M&C & Mechnical Vibration Lab Vehicle Maintencance Lab Project-I Pravcticle Training 3 3 3 3 3 50 50 50 50 50 25 25 100 125 100 100 100 100 100 50 150 150 150 150 50 50 200 125 Total 15 5 13 33 525 500 150 1175 Note Students will be allowqed to use Non-Programmabkle sciectific calcuator. However, sharing calculator wil not be allowed. Scheme of Studies & Examination B. Tech. 4th Year Automobile Engg. Semester VIII Sr. No. Course No. Course Title Teaching L 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Sessional P 3 9 Total 4 4 3 4 3 3 9 2 32 50 50 50 50 50 50 100 25 425 Marks for Exam Theory 100 100 100 100 100 Practical 1 25 100 50 75 500 250 Total Marks T 1 1 1 AE-402 E ME=404 E AE-406 E AE AE AE-408 E AE-410 E AE-412 E AE-414 E AE-416 ETrasport Management Computer Added vehicle inclination Motor Vehilce & surround protection Elective-III Elective-IV Computer added vehicle envision Lab Project-II Seminar Comprehensive Viva General fitness for handicraft Total 3 3 3 4 3 2 18 150 150 150 150 150 75 200 25 50 75 1175 2 12 Note Students will be allowqed to use Non-Programmabkle sciectific calcuator. However, sharing calculator wil not be allowed. B-Tech third year (5th semester) (Automobile Engineering) AE-301E DESIGN OF railway carMOBILE COMPONENTS-1 L 3 T 1 P Sessional Theory Total 50 Marks 100 Marks 150 MarksNOTE In the semester examination, the publisher desexualiseter will set 8 questions in all, at least two questions from each unit, and students will be required to get down totally 5 questions, selecting at least one from each unit. UNIT- I world- Problem identification puzzle statement, specifications, constraints, Feasibility ascertain-technical feasibility, economic & financial feasibility, societal & environmental feasibility, Generation of solution field (solution variants), Design Procedure, System Design Cycle, Life cycle costs, survival of fits and tolerance s and analysis of dimensional chains, Human movers engineering.Concept of tearing, bearing, shearing, crushing, bending etc, Stress concentration, factor of safety under antithetic freightageing formers. Selection of Materials-Mechanical properties of the comm sole(prenominal) used Engg materials, hardness, and Strength parameters with reference to stress-strain plat. asylum to mixed theories of failure selection of Engg Materials.UNIT- II MechanicalJoints-Bolted joints in tension, eccentrically loaded bolted joints in shear and under have stresses, Design of Power Screw Coupling excogitate Design of various types of welding joints under different static load conditions, eccentrically loaded riveted joints design of cotter and knuckle joint brakes -Self energizing condition of brakes, design of shoe brakes internal & external expanding, band brakes, and disc brakes, Braking lever design, Thermal considerations in brake designing UNIT- III Clutch -Design of single plate clu tch, multi plate clutch, design of centrifugal clutch, cone clutch, energy dissipated, torque capacity of clutch, design of clutch components, design details of roller and sprag type of clutches Vehicle Frame - leank over of loads, moments, and stresses on frame members.Design considerations for frame of passenger and commercial vehicles, materials for automobile structure. UNIT- IV Front Axle and channelise Systems -Analysis of loads, moments and stresses at different sections of front axle, determination of loads at kingpin bearings and wheel spindle bearings, determination of optimum dimensions and proportions for steering linkages ensuring minimum error in steering. Final Drive and piece of ass Axle -Detailed design of shafts for static and dynamic loading, Rigidity and deflection consideration, design of propeller shaft, design details of replete(p) floating, semifloating and three quarter floating lay out shafts and rear axle ho exploitations. Books 1.Automobile chemica l mechanism by Giri. N. K, Khanna Publisher, parvenu Delhi 2002 2. Fundamental of auto component design by Juvenal R. C, John Wiley, tertiary Edition 3. PSG Design Data book by PSG College of Technology, Combative, 2000 4. Selection & use of engineering materials J. A. Charles Butterworth Heinemann 3 ed 06 5. Design of Machine Elements V. B. Bhandari- McGraw mound 6. Automotive figure of speech by Heldt. P. M. , Chilton Co. , impudently York 1992 7. Steering, Suspension and tyres by Giles. K. G, Illiffe Books Ltd. , London 1998 8. Motor Vehicle by due north Steeds & Garret, Illiffe Books Ltd. , London- 2000 9. Automobile pattern Design by Dean Averns,Illiffe Books Ltd. 1992 10. MechanicalEngg. Design by Joseph Edward Shigley, MGH 11. Machine Design An integrated access code by R. L. Norton, Addison Wesley B-Tech 3rd year (5th semester) (Automobile Engineering) AE-303E AUTO ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS L 3 T 1 P Sessional Theory Total 50 Marks 100 Marks 150 Marks NOTE In the semester examination, the paper setter will set 8 questions in all, at least two questions from each unit, and students will be required to attempt save 5 questions, selecting at least one from each unit. UNIT- I Introduction -Earth returns and insulated return schemas, 6, 12, and 24-volt outlines. Positive & negative earth remainss.Fusing of circuits, relays, switches, low and high voltage self-propelling cables, wiring diagram for typical automotive wiring governances, maintenance and servicing. Batteries- precepts of lead acid cells and their characteristics construction and working of lead acid battery, types of batteries, testing of batteries, effect of temperature on capacity and voltage, battery capacity, voltage, efficiency, charging of batteries, sulphation and desulphation, maintenance and servicing, Battery failures & checking, Maintenance free Batteries, High energy and power density batteries for electric vehicles. UNIT- II Charging system-Principle of generat ion of direct current. Shunt generator characteristics. Armature reaction. Third brush regulation. Cut-out.Voltage & current regulators, compensated voltage regulator. Alternators principle, constructional and working aspects, bridge rectifiers. Principle of Magneto, Flywheel Magneto, Maintenance and servicing. Trouble shooting in charging systems. UNIT- III Starting system-Condition at Starting show judgment of conviction torque and power requirements, behavior of starter during starting. serial publication get and its characteristics. Principle & construction of starter motor. operative of different starter m opposite units, care & maintenance of starter motor. Starter switches. Safety mechanism. Maintenance, servicing and worry shooting. excitement system- Types, construction & working of battery & whorl and magneto ignition systems.Relative merits, Ballast Resistor, Ignition coil, Distributor, Contact breaker Point, centrifugal and vacuum advance mechanisms, Limitations of conventional ignition systems, Transistorized Ignition systems, detonate plugs construction, different types, plug fouling, maintenance, servicing and fault diagnosis, electronic Ignition system. Programmed ignition, distributor slight ignition. UNIT-IV Lighting system - Principle of automobile illumination, headlamp construction and wiring, reflectors types, signaling devices- flashers, stop lights, fog lamps, auxiliary lighting-engine, passenger, reading lamp. Regn-plate lamps. machine- reign overled illumination system. Head light levelling devices. take in of a modern headlight system with improved darkness vision. galvanizing Equipment and Accessories -Oil pressure gauge, fuel level gauge, engine temperature gauge, electrical fuel pump, speedometer, odometer, trip meter, engine rpm meter, headlight & Windshield washer and wiper, enkindleers and defrosters, horns, stereo/radio, power antennae. Central locking, power window winding. Sun/Moon Roof. mechanised rear vi ew mirrors, reverse warning, Bumper collision warning. Other accessories in modern vehicles. Books 1. Automotive Electrical Equipment , P. L. Kohli, Tata McGraw-Hill Co. Ltd. tender Delhi, 1975. 2. Principles of Electricity and electronics for the Automotive Technician, Chapman, Thomson Asia, 2000. 3. Modern Electrical Equipment of Automobiles, A. W. Judge. Chapman & Hall, London. 4. Automobile Electrical and Electronic Equipments , A. P. Young. & L. Griffiths, English Languages Book base ball club & invigorated Press, 1990. 5. Storage Batteries , G. W. Vinal. John Wiley & Sons Inc. , New York, 1985. 6. Automobile Electrical Equipment , W. H. Crouse. McGraw Hill Book Co. Inc. , New York, 7. Electrical Ignition Equipment , F. G. Spreadbury, Constable & Co Ltd. , London, 1962. 8. Basic Automotive Electrical Systems, C. P. Nakra, Dhanpat B-Tech3rdYear (5th Semester) (Automobile Engineering) ME-305E Heat Transfer L 3 T 1 P Sessional Theory Total 50 Marks 100 Marks 150MarksNOTE In th e semester examination, the paper setter will set 8 questions in all, at least two questions from each unit, and students will be required to attempt only 5 questions, selecting at least one from each unit. UNIT-I Heat Exchanger Function, motley, types and applications of catch fire Exchangers, heat rejection ratio elements of heatexchanger, Working fluid Liquid and Gas, Daltons law of incomplete pressures Effect of leakage of occupation. Methods tocheck and prevent air infiltration, selection of heat exchangers, heat exchanger design ruleology. Single Phase Heat Exchangers LMTD and NTU methods for evaporator and condenser tubes, and parallel andcounter persist heat exchangers, calculation of number and aloofness of tubes in a heat exchanger.Rating and sizingmethods, design criteria, geometry, process parameters, pressure drops and applicationsCondensation Mechanism, types of condensers and design procedures, Evaporators, Design procedures,augmented lift heat exchangers, He at change over coefficients, pressure drops, compact heat exchangers and air coolers, plate heat exchangers and plate beautiful heat exchangers Heat Pipe Heat Exchangers Types and design procedure and applications Installation, accomplishment and Maintenance Fouling factors, type of fouling, and cleanup position methods UNIT-II Air teachBasic Concept Natural and Mechanical refrigeration Application of infrigidation Units of refrigeration and Coefficient of performance infrigidation effect, cooling capacity and COP of a refrigerator Reversed Carnot cycle and its limitations, Meaning of air condition, Refrigerants patternification, properties, selection criteria, commonly used refrigerants, alternative refrigerants, eco-friendly refrigerants, and applications of refrigerants. Refrigerants used in automobile air conditioning, Basic vapourcompression system. UNIT-III Air Conditioning Concept and Applications Psychometric properties of air Dry bulb, wet bulb and dew point temperat ures Relative and specific humidness degree of saturation adiabatic saturation temperature, enthalpy of air and water vapours psychometric graph. Human requirement of comforts effectivetemperature and comfort charts Industrial and comfort air conditioning.Psychometric Processes Sensible heating and cooling, cooling with dehumidification alter with dehumidification by-pass factor chemical dehumidification adiabatic mixing, air washer. UNIT-IV calculations for Air conditioning Load and for Rate and state of run Air Sources of heat load sensible and latent heat load sensible heat factor apparatus dew point temperature Rate and state of air supply for air- conditioning of vehicles. Air Conditioning Equipment sketch description of compressors, condensers, evaporators and expansion devices Cooling towers Ducts dampers grills air filters fans room air conditioners split units automotive air conditioning systems-HVAC model Text Books 1. Fundamentals of Heat and Mass transfer by DS Kumar , SK Kataria and Sons, Delhi 2.A Course in Heat and Mass Transfer by S Domkundwar DhanpatRai and Sons, Delhi 3. refrigeration and Conditioning by CP Arora, Tata McGraw Hill 4. Refrigeration and Conditioning by Manohar Prasad, Wiley Eastern Limited interview Books 1. Heat Transfer by AJ Chapman Macmillan Publishing Comp each, New York 2. Heat transfer by JP Holmans, McGraw Hill, London 3. Refrigeration and Conditioning by Jordan and Priester, Prentice Hall of India 4. Refrigeration and Conditioning by WF Stoecker, McGraw 5. Automotive Air conditioning by Paul Lung, CBS Publisher & Distributor, New Delhi. B-Tech3rdYear (5th Semester) (Automobile Engineering) ME-307E industrial ENGINEERINGL 3 T 1 P Sessional Theory Total 50 Marks 100 Marks 150 Marks NOTE In the semester examination, the paper setter will set 8 questions in all, at least two questions from each unit, and students will be required to attempt only 5 questions, selecting at least one from each unit. UNIT- I Introduction to work study Method study Basic procedure Recording techniques (charts and diagrams) Elemental breakdown Micro-motion studies Therbligs SIMO-chart Principles of motion economy. Introduction Objectives technique (time) information put down methods of timings Time study allowances Work sampling technique Performance rating and its determination PMTS M. T. M. Work factor.UNIT- II Principles of organization, Importance and characteristics of organization, Organization theories Classical Organization theory Neo-Classical organization theory, Modern organization theory Types of organization, military or line organization, Functional organization, Line and staff organization, Committees. Objectives of PPC Functions of PPC Preplanning and planning Routing Estimating scheduling-master schedule Daily schedule Gantt chart Dispatching centralized vs. decentralized Control Follow up and progress crossing. Introduction harvest-home sproutment Product characteristics Role of product develo pment 3Ss Standardization Simplification and Specialization.UNIT- III Introduction, Objectives and importance of sales forecasting, Types of forecasting, Methods of sales forecasting-Collective ruling method, Delphi technique, economic indicator method Regression analysis, Moving average method, Time series analysis. Introduction, Functions of document Types of inventory Control importance and functions, Inventory costs, performers affecting inventory control, Various inventory control models. A. B. C. analysis, peak-time calculations. UNIT- IV Introduction Objectives Concept and life cycle of a product and V. E. Steps in VE. , Methodology and techniques, Fast diagram, matrix method. Various concepts in industrial engineering a) WAGES AND INCENTIVES -Concept Types Plans Desirable characteristics. b) ERGONOMICS its importance Man-machine work move into system Human factors considerations in system design. ) SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT its definition, Concept, Objectives, Applic ations, benefits, Some successful campaigns in Indian Industries. d) JIT Its definition, Concept, Importance, Misconception, Relevance, Applications, Elements of JIT (brief description). e) MRP-Introduction, Objectives, factors, Guide lines, Techniques Elements of MRP f) TIME MANAGEMENT-Introduction, Steps of time management, Ways for saving time, Key for time saves. Reference and Text books ? Production planning and control by S. Elion ? Modren production Management by S. S Buffa ? Industrial engg. and management manufacturing system by Surender kumar, Satya prakashan ? Essence of Supply Chain Management by R.P mohanty and S. G Deshmukh ? Industrial engg. and management by S Sharma and Savita Sharma B-Tech 3rd year (5th semester) (Automobile Engineering) AE-309E AUTOMOTIVE TRANSMISSON-I L 3 T 1 P Sessional Theory Total 50 Marks 100 Marks 150 Marks NOTE In the semester examination, the paper setter will set 8 questions in all, at least two questions from each unit, and students will be required to attempt only 5 questions, selecting at least one from each unit. UNIT-I Introduction-Need for Transmission system. Tractive Effort and Resistances to Motion of a vehicle. Requirements of contagion system. Classification of Transmission systems.Single, Two or Four Wheel crusade systems. Multi axle drives. Chain, Shaft and Electric drives. Location of transmission system. Different transmissions in scooter, car, MUVs and transport vehicles of Indian make. Clutch-Automatic Clutch. Dry and Wet type of clutch. Friction facing materials. Over-running clutch. Modes of operating a clutch mechanical, hydraulic and electric. Principle of operation, Constructional details, torque capacity and design aspects. Different types of clutches. Operation of single plate helical spring and diaphragm type, and multiplate clutch. Centrifugal clutch UNIT- II Gear recession-Determination of gear ratios for vehicles.Performance characteristics in different speeds. Different types of g ear boxes sliding, constant and synchromesh type. Need for double declutching and working of synchronising unit. Power and economy modes in gear box. Transfer box. Transaxles. Overdrives. Gear shifting mechanisms mechanical link andwiretypes UNIT-III Hydrodynamic drive -Fluid coupling- principle of operation, constructional details. tortuosity capacity. Performance characteristics, Reduction of drag torque. Torque converter-Principle of operation, constructional details, performance characteristics, converter coupling, multistage torque converters and polyphase torque converters.Hydrostatic drive-Hydrostatic driveVarious types of hydrostatic systems Principles of hydrostatic drive system, Advantage and limitations, Comparison of hydrostatic drive with hydrodynamic drive Construction and working of typical Jannyhydrostatic drive. UNIT-IV Electric drive -Electric drive Principle of early and limited Ward Leonard Control system. Advantage & limitations. Performance characteristics. watch of drive system in an electric and hybridizing vehicle. Automatic transmission applications Chevrolet Turboglide Transmission, Powerglide Transmission Toyota ECT-i Automatic Transmission with Intelligent Electronic controls system, Hydraulic Actuation system. References 1. Heldt. P. M. , Torque converters , Chilton Book Co. 2. north and Steeds, Motor vehicles , llliffe Publishers. 3. Judge. A. W. Modern Transmission systems , Chapman and Hall Ltd. 4. SAE Transactions 900550 & 930910. 5. Hydrostatic transmissions for vehicle applications, I Mech E Conference,1981-88. 6. Crouse. W. H. , Anglin. , D. L. , Automotive Transmission and Power Trains construction , McGraw-Hill. B-Tech 3rd year (5th semester) (Automobile Engineering) AE-311E Applied numerical technique & computing L 3 T 1 P Sessional Theory Total 50 Marks 100 Marks 150 Marks NOTE In the semester examination, the paper setter will set 8 questions in all, at least two questions from each unit, and students wi ll be required to attempt only 5 questions, selecting at least one from each unit.UNIT- I Solution of comparisons and eigen value problems iterative aspect method, Newton-Raphson method for single variable and for simultaneous equations with two variables. Solutions of linear system by Gaussian, Gauss-Jordan, Jacobi and Gauss-Seidel methods. Inverse of a matrix by GaussJordan method, Eigen value of a matrix by power and Jacobi methods. UNIT- II Interpolation Newtons divided difference formula, Lagrange and Hermits polynomials. Newton forward and backward difference formulae, Stirlings and Bessels central difference formulae. numeric Differentiation and Integration Numerical differentiation with interpolation polynomials, UNIT-III Numerical integration by trapezoidal and Simpsons rules. Two and three point Gaussian quardratureformula.Double integrals using Trapezoidal and Simpsons rules. Initial value problems for ordinary differential equations Single Step Methods-Taylor Series, E uler and Modified Euler, Runge-Kutta method of set out four for first and second order differential equations. UNIT- IV Boundary value problems for ordinary and partial differential equations Finite difference solution for the second order ordinary differential equations. Finite difference solution for onedimensional heat equation one-dimensional wave equation and two-dimensional Laplace and Poisson equations. BOOKS 1. Sastry, S. S Introductory Methods of Numerical Analysis (Third Edition), Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi, 1998. 2.Kandasamy, P. , Thilakavathy, K, and Gumnavathy, K, Numerical Methods, S. Chand & Co. , New Delhi, 1999. 3. Grewal, B. S and GrewalJ. S. Numerical Methods in Engineering and Science, Hanna Publishers, New Delhi, 1999. 4. Jain, M. K. , Iyengar, S. R. K and Jain, R. K. Numerical Methods for Engineering and Scientific Computation (Third Edition), New Age International (P) Ltd. , New Delhi, 1995. 5. Gerald, C. F. and Wheatley, P. O. Applied Numerical Analys is (Fifth Edition), AddisonWesley, Singapore, 1998. 6. Narayanan, S. , ManickavachakamPillai, K. andRamanaiah, G. Advanced Mathematics for Engineering Students Volume-III,S Viswanathan Pvt. Ltd. 1993.B-Tech 3rd year (5th semester) (Automobile Engineering) AE-313E AUTOMOTIVE transmittance LAB L T P 2 Class Work Exam Total magnetic inclination of experiments 25Marks 25Marks 50 Mark 1. Study of a layout of transmission system for a front wheel drive, rear wheel drive and a four wheel drive arrangement 2. Trouble shooting in different types of friction clutches 3. Study of layout of gears and shafts in a manual type gearbox and a transaxle. 4. Trouble shooting in manual type of gearbox and a transaxle 5. Study of layout in a manual & machine-controlled gearbox for a two wheeler 6. Trouble shooting in gearbox of two wheeler of forward experiment 7. Study of layout of an automatic gearbox. 8.Study of gear shifting controls in an automatic gearbox 9. Trouble shooting in an automatic g earbox 10. Study of performance of an automatic gearbox. 11. Study of a manual and electric Transfer Case. 12. Trouble shooting in Transfer Case of previous experiment. 13. Study of an electric drive in an Electric vehicle Note each 8 experiments from the in a higher place contestation and other 2 from others (developed by institute) are required to be performed by students in the laboratory. B-Tech (5th semester) (Automobile Engineering) AE-315E AUTO ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS LAB L T P 3 Class Work Exam Total List of Experiments 1. To apprehend the layout of complete wiring system of an automobile. 2. Perform he various tests for checking the battery condition. 3. To understand and test the charging circuit and charging motor. 4. To conduct performance test on a dynamo, alternator & starter motor. 5. To understand & test the starting circuit and trouble shooting in it. 6. Understand and test the conventional ignition system, context of use of contact breaker points and spark plug gap . 7. Understand the working and testing of an Electronic Ignition system 8. Understand and test the lighting circuit of a car. 9. Conduct headlamp focusing as per the procedure. 10. Study the working of different accessories of a modern car 11. To study the layout / working of a Fuel carrel powered electric car.Note Any 8 experiments from the above list and other 2 from others (developed by institute) are required to be performed by students in the laboratory. 25Marks 25Marks 50 Mark B-Tech3rdyear (5th Semester) (Automobile Engineering) ME-317E HEAT TRANSFER LAB L T P 2 Class Work Exam Total List of Experiments 1. Determination of caloric conductivity of a solid insulating material by slab method powder materials by concentric spheres method / or by some transient heat transfer technique gass by employing thin tier a metallic element by comparison with another metal by employing two bars when unplowed in series and / or in parallel under different boundary conditions 2.Determ ination of coefficient of heat transfer for free/forced convection from the out-of-doors of a cylinder / plate when kept along the direction of flow perpendicular to the direction of flow inclined at an angle to the direction of flow 3. Determination heat transfer coefficient by radiation and hence find the Stefan Boltzmans constant using two plates/two cylinders of selfsame(prenominal) size by making one of the plates/cylinders as a black body 4. To plot the temperature visibility and to teach fin effectiveness and fin efficiency for A rod fin when its tip surface is superimposed by different boundary condition 25Marks 25Marks 50 Mark Straight transfer fins of various sizes and optimization of fin proportions Circumferential fins of rectangular/triangular section 5. Study of various elements of an air conditioner system through cut sections models / actual apparatus 6.Study of design of an AC condenser / evaporator as an heat exchanger. 7. Calculation/ Estimation of coo ling load for a vehicle 8. Study and performance of car air conditioner (HVAC model) Note Any 8 experiments from the above list and other 2 from others (developed by institute) are required to be performed by students in the laboratory. B-Tech3rdyear (5th Semester) (Automobile Engineering) ME-319E INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING LAB L T P 2 Class Work Exam Total 25Marks 25Marks 50 Mark List of Experiments 1. To study various Rating Factor systems and find standard time for making small sand mould. 2. To study various plat layouts and project improvements in existing Machines Shop layout. 3.To study and experience organizational structure of a near by industry and suggest changes. 4. To draw X and R charts for a given sample of products to check their acceptance. 5. To draw p chart for a given product lot and verify its acceptance 6. Draw a flow process chart with time estimates for a simple welding process. 7. Draw a two handed process chart for a simple process of a job preparation on a lathe. 8. To study various purchase procedures and draw organizational structure of college purchase department. 9. A case study on ABC/VED analysis. 10. A case study on Quality Improvement Techniques (e. g. guild Mess/ Workshop / Canteen etc. ) 11. A market survey and analysis. 12.A preliminary project cross preparation for any small-scale unit. Note Any 8 experiments from the above list and other 2 from others (developed by 1. institute) are required to be performed by students in the laboratory. B-Tech (VTH semester) (Automobile Engineering) AE-321E Applied Numerical Techniques& Computing Lab L T P 2 Class Work Exam Total List of Experiments 1. To develop calculator political platform to determine roots of a given equation using method of Newton -Raphson method, 2. To develop computer programs for solution of system of simultaneous linear equations using Gauss Elimination Technique 3. Numerical Integration with Simpsons rule and Gaussian Integration 4.Solution of ordinary diff erential equations by (i) Euler Method (ii) Runge-Kutta Method (iii) Taylor Series Methods 5. Develop a computer program to generate random numbers. 6. Develop a computer program to carry out a numerical integration using Monte Carlo Method. 7. Develop a computer program to find the value of pi using Monte Carlo method with different total number of computations. 8. Develop a computer program to simulate the car wash station problem. Note Any 8 experiments from the above list and other 2 from others (developed by institute) are required to be performed by students in the laboratory. 25Marks 25Marks 50 Mark B-Tech 3rd year (6th semester) (Automobile Engineering) AE-302E L 3 T 1 P TWO AND THREE WHEELER VEHICLESSessional Theory Total 50 Marks 100 Marks 150 Marks NOTE In the semester examination, the paper setter will set 8 questions in all, at least two questions from each unit, and students will be required to attempt only 5 questions, selecting at least one from each unit. UNIT- I Power Unit Two lash and four stroke SI engine, merits and demerits. Symmetrical and unsymmetrical port timing diagrams. Types of scavenging processes merits and demerits, scavenging efficiency. Scavenging pumps. Rotary valve engine. UNIT- II Fuel system. Lubrication system. Magneto coil and battery coil spark ignition system. electronic Ignition system. Starting system.Kick starter system. UNIT- III Chassis and Sub-Systems barMainframe, its types. Chassis and shaft drive. Single, multiple plates and centrifugal clutches. Gear box and gear controls. Front and rear suspension- systems. snow absorbers. Panel meters and controls on handle. UNIT- IV Brake and Wheels Drum brakes, Disc brakes, front and rear brake tie in layouts. Spoked wheel, Cast wheel. Disc wheel. Disctypes. Tyres&tubes. Two wheeler dynamics Stability of two wheelers on straight and curving path. B-Tech3rdyear (6th semester) (Automobile Engineering) AE-304E ENGINEERING MATERIALS L 4 T P Sessional Theory Total 50 Marks 100 Marks 150 MarksNOTE In the semester examination, the paper setter will set 8 questions in all, at least two questions from each unit, and students will be required to attempt only 5 questions, selecting at least one from each unit. UNIT-I Atomic structure of metals & crystal system- crystallographic notation of atomic planes, polymorphism and allotropy, solidification of crystallization (i) nuclear formation (crystal growth) (ii) crystal imperfection Elementary treatment of theories of plastic deformation, phenomenon of shifting twinning, dislocation, identification of crystallographic possible slip planes and direction in FCC, BCC, C. P. , recovery, re-crystallization, preferred orientation causes and cause on the holding of metals. UNIT-II .General principles of phase transformation in alloys-, phase rule and equilibrium diagrams, Equilibrium diagrams of (i) Binary system in which the components form a mechanical mixture of crystals in the solid state and are comp letely mutually soluble in both liquid state. (ii) systems whose components have complete mutual solubility in the liquid state and limited solubility in the solid state in which the solid state solubility deceases with temperature(iii) alloys whose components have complete mutual solubility in the liquid state and limited solubility in solid state (iv) system whose components are subject to allotropic change. Iron carbon equilibrium diagram and their Phase transformation UNIT-III Engineering materials and their properties- classification. Classification of ferrous and nonferrous materials. Classification of cast iron-properties and their applications.Effects of alloying elements on properties of steel, carbon steel, low alloy steels, stainless steel, tool steels and die steels. Alloys of Ni, Al, Cu, Mg properties and their applications. Classification of composite materials and their properties and applications. UNIT-IV 4. Heat treatment and surface treatment Heat treatment of st eel Annealing, Normalising, Hardening and tempering with their types and application to automotive components, surface solidification techniques, Induction, flame and chemical hardening, coating of turn in and corrosion resistance, Electroplating. Phosphating, Anodizing, hot dipping, thermal spraying, hard facing and thin learn coatings. Selection of materials Cryogenic slang, corrosion, fatigue, creep and oxidation resistance application. riteria of selecting materials for automotive components viz cylinder block, Cylinder head, plumbers helper, piston ring, Gudgeon pin, connecting rod, crank shaft, crank case, cam,cam shaft, engine valve, gear wheel, clutch plate, axle, bearings, chassis, spring, body panel radiator, brake line etc. Application of non-metallic materials such as composite, ceramic and polymers in automobile. References 1. Khanna. O. P. , Material Science and Metallurgy , DhanapalRai& Sons, 2. Kapoor, Material Science and Processes , New India Publishing H ouse, 3. Raghavan. V. , Physical Metallurgy, Principle and Practice, Prentice Hall, 4. Bawa. H. S. , Materials Metallurgy, McGraw-Hill,. 5. Avner S. H.Introduction to Physical Metallurgy McGraw-Hill, New York, 6. Dieter, G. E. , Mechanical Metallurgy, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1996. 7. Heat treatment of metals B. Zakharv B-Tech 3rdyear (6th Semester) (Automobile Engineering) AE-306E DESIGN OF AUTOMOBILE COMPONENTS-II L 3 T 1 P Sessional Theory Total 50 Marks 100 Marks 150 Marks NOTE In the semester examination, the paper setter will set 8 questions in all, at least two questions from each unit, and students will be required to attempt only 5 questions, selecting at least one from each unit. UNIT-I Belts and bonds systems Design for the selection of V-belt, toothed belt and chains. Design of pulley for belt, and sprocket for chain.UNIT-II Suspension Systems Type of springs and their uses, Design for helical springs, under tension, compression and fluctuating loads, design of leaf spri ngs, Belleville springs, Air (Pneumatic) springs, Surging phenomenon in springs. UNIT-III Transmissions fundamentals of gears and gear trains, nomenclature, design of spur, helical, straight bevel gears, worm and worm wheel. UNIT-IV Bearing Basics of bearings, their types, nomenclature. Selection criteria, Design of sliding and rolling type of bearings, Details of design of bearing housings Design of Lubrication systems for different assemblies in vehicles UNIT-IV Engine Components Details of cylinder and piston assembly and their failures. Choice of material for piston and cylinder. Details, failures, and design of connecting rod, crankshaft, and camshaft. Material for crankshaft, connecting rod, and camshaft.Basics of Valves and their design. Design aspects of uptake and exhaust manifolds, valves springs, tappets, valve trains. Materials for the same. Text Books 1. Design Data Book by PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore, 2000. 2. Automobile Mechanics by Giri. N. K. , Khanna Pu blisher, New Delhi 2002. 3. Fundamental of Machine Component Design by Juvenal R. C, John Wiley. 4. Vehicular Engine Design, by Kevin L Hoag, SAE Publication 5. An Introduction to Modern Vehicle Design, Julian Happiah Smith, SAE Publication 6. High further Combustion Engines by P. M. Heldt, Oxford-IBH Publishing Co. 7. Mechanical Engg. Design by Joseph Edward Shigley, MGH 8.Machine Design An integrated Approach by R. L. Norton, Addison Wesley 9. Automobile Chassis Design by Dean Averns, Illiffe Books Ltd. B-Tech 3rd year (6th Semester) (Automobile Engineering) AE-308 AUTO PULLUTION AND CONTROL L 3 T 1 P Sessional Theory Total 50 Marks 100 Marks 150 Marks NOTE In the semester examination, the paper setter will set 8 questions in all, at least two questions from each unit, and students will be required to attempt only 5 questions, selecting at least one from each unit. UNIT-I Introduction General Scenario on automotive Pollution, Pollutants-sources-formation-effectstransient oper ational effects on pollution.Engine Combustion and Pollutant Formation HC, CO, dark, Particulate Matters, Aldehyde emissions, Effect of operating variables on emission formation. electric discharge Control Efforts Supply of fuel establishment of national test centers, construction of road networks. UNIT-II Alternate Fuels Estimation of crude oil reserve need for alternate fuels Merits & Demerits and uses of CNG, LPG, Alcohols, Hydrogen, Bio-fuels, Electric Energy, Solar Energy. Emission Standards Evaluation of Emission Standards Mandatory Tests for Emission measurement Type Approval & Production Conformity Tests Driving Cycles, Bharat Stages & Euro emission standards.UNIT-III Control Techniques for SI and CI Design changes, optimization of operating factors, Control of Crankcase emission, Evaporative emission, eliminate emission exhaust gas recirculation, air injector PCV system, thermal reactors, catalytic converters. UNIT-IV Test Procedure & Instrumentation for Emissi on Measurement Test proceduresMeasurements of invisible emissions -ORSAT apparatus, NDIR analyzer, flare up ionization detectors, Chemiluminescent analyzer, Gas analyzer, Measurements of visible emissions Comparison methods & Obscure methods Smoke meters, Emission standards. Reference 1. B. P. Pundir, Engine Emissions, Narosa Publishing House, 2007. 2. V. Ganesan, Internal Combustion Engines, Tata McGraw Hill Co. , 2004. 3. K. K. Ramalingam, Automobile Engineering, Scitech Publications Pvt. Ltd. , 2005 4.Amitosh De, Automobile Engineering, Galgotia Publications Pvt. Ltd. , 2004 5. Dr. N. K. Giri, Automobile Mechanic, Khanna Publishers, 2006 6. Heywood. J. B. , Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals, McGraw Hill Book Co. , 1995. 7. Automobiles and Pollution SAE Transaction, 1995. B-TECH 3rd YEAR (6th SEMESTER) (AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING) AE-310E TRIBOLOGY & PREVENTIVE sustainment L 3 T 1 P Sessional Theory Total 50 Marks 100 Marks 150 Marks NOTE In the semester examination, the pa per setter will set 8 questions in all, at least two questions from each unit, and students will be required to attempt only 5 questions, selecting at least one from each unit.UNIT- I INTRODUCTION -Introduction to Tribology, general tribological considerations in design of gears, cams, reciprocating components, Engine tribology basics importance , tribological aspects of engine components such as bearing, piston assembly, valve train, transmission drive line-transmission, bag drive, universal and constant velocity joints, wheel bearings, drive chains, lubrication regims in the engine. UNIT -II FRICTION AND WEAR-Nature of metal surface, surface properties, surface parameters and measurements, types, sliding friction, rolling friction, theories of friction, modified adhesive theory, engine friction, losses and engine design parameters. Introduction to wear, types of wear, theories of wear, mechanism of wear, wear testing and methods of wear measurements, factors affecting wear.UNIT- III BEARINGS, LUBRICATION AND AUTOMOTIVE LUBRICANTS- Theory of hydrodynamics, lubrication, generalizedReynolds equation & physical significance of terms, pressure distribution and load carrying capacity equations for hydrodynamic journal bearinginfinitely long and short bearing approximations, thrust bearings, Raleigh bearing sintered bearings. Automotive Lubricants- introduction, properties, standard test methods for automotive lubricants, testing, classification, engine oil performance designations, tests, transmission fluids, gear lubricants, axle lubricants, solid lubricants, automotive engine oils, EP lubricants, Lubricant remindering, SOAP, ferrography and other rapid testing methods of lubricant contaminationHYDROSTATIC AND ELASTOHYDRODYNAMIC LUBRICATION- Hydrostatic bearings, basic concepts, bearing characteristic number and performance coefficients, flat, conical & world-wide pad thrust bearing, air & gas lubricated bearing, squeeze film lubrication Elastohydrodynamic Lu brication, introduction, rolling of two cylinders, lubrication of ball & roller bearings, cams and gears, selection and life estimation, fatigue and diagnosis. . UNIT-IV INTRODUCTION TO PREVENTIVE MAINTANENCE-Definition of preventive maintenance, difference between unvarying maintenance and preventive maintenance, preventive maintenance schedule for passenger vehicles and commercial vehicles, Noise, wear and corrosive maintenance.PERIODIC MAINTANENECE-Maintenance of batteries, Lead acid battery, Factor affecting battery life, testing and battery troubles Maintenance of auxiliaries Lubrication system, greasing of vehicle , lubricationcharts , Cooling system Maintenance, Maintenance of Electrical system, testing of starters ,alternators, ignition coils, wiring harness, horns, wipers, maintenance of drive line system Reference Books 1. Fuller D. D. , Theory and Practice of Lubrication for Engineers . John Wiley and Sons. 2. Halling J. , Principles of Tribology , McMillan Press Ltd. 3 Cameron A. Basic Lubrication Theory , Wiley Eastern Ltd. 4 Neale M. J. Tribology Hand Book , Butterworths. 5 O. P. Orlov, Fundamentals of Machine Design , Vol. IV, MIR. 6 Hamrok B. J. Fundamentals of Fluid film lubrication, McGraw Hill, New York,NY 7 Automotive Chassis P. M. Heldt, Chilton Co. NK 8 Young, Griffiths , Automobile Electrical & Electronic Equipments Butterworths, London 9 G. B. S.Narang, Automobile Engineering 10 NakraB. C. ,Theory& Practice of mechanical Vibrations, McGraw Hill 11 Nakra B. C. &Chowdhari K. K. , Instrumentation, measurements and analysis, McGraw Hill. B-Tech 3rd year (6th Semester) (Automobile Engineering) AE-312E MICROPROCESSORS & INTERFACING L 4 T P Sessional Theory Total 50 Marks 100 Marks 150 Marks NOTE In the semester examination, the paper setter will set 8 questions in all, at least two questions from each unit, and students will be required to attempt only 5 questions, selecting at least one from each unit. UNIT-I Basic Electronics Introductio n Electronic devices and circuits, Amplifiers, Converters, digital Electronics.Microprocessors dummy up diagram of microcomputer, Architecture of Intel 8085, Importance of Data, Address and Control buses, Instruction formats, Addressing modes and types of instructions in Intel 8085, Instruction set of 8085. Memory Devices, RAM, ROM Types, Microprocessor interfacing with memory chips. LAN and CAN Network basics MicrocontrollerComparison of microprocessor & microcontrollers, survey of 4,8,16 & 32 bit microcontrollers. Architecture of 8051Block Diagram, oscillator & clock, Program Counter, registers, Flags, Internal memory, stack & stack pointer, special function register, stimulant/Output Pins, Ports and Circuits, External memory, Counters & Timers, Serial Data input/output interrupts. DC Motor and Stepper motor controls.UNIT-II Electronic fuel control systemIntroduction, components, Open loop and closed loop control systems, intake manifold pressures, mass air flow rate sensor, Thr ottle body injection and multi port or point fuel injection, Fuel injection system, Injector operations, Injection system controls. Motivation for electronic engine control, concept, parameters, Digital engine control variables, Engine mapping, control strategy, Electronic engine management components, layout. Engine cranking and warm up control, Acceleration enrichment, Deceleration leaning and idle speed control. EGR control, Variable valve timing control, Electronic Ignition control, Electronic spark timing control. Exhaust emission control engineering, Integrated engine control system. UNIT-III Transmission control systems Electronic transmission management components, layout.Electronic control of automatic transmissions, valve actuating control system, twowheel drive control, four-wheel drive control, all wheel drive auto control system. Electric vehicle drive controls Electronic control of hybrid and electric vehicles. Digital controllers for drive-motor, motor-generator, batt ery and fuel cell. UNIT-IV Chassis Control system Electronic management of chassis system, Cruise control systems. Electronic suspension system, antilock braking controls system, traction control system, and vehicle stability control system. Electronic Steering control. Body controls and Security Body control systems Remote central locking, Key less entry, Automatic Air conditioning systems. Security systems immobilizer, and warning systems.Telematics, GPS Systems, Electronic control system diagnostics. Text Books 1. William B. Riddens, discretion Automotive Electronics , 5th Edition, Butterworth, Heinemann Woburn, 1998. 2. William L Husselbee, Automotive Computers and Control System Fundamentals and Service . Hartcourt Brace lord Publications. 3. Thomas H Denton, Automobile Electrical and Electronic Systems, SAE Publication. 4. Bosch Automotive Handbook, Latest Edition, SAE Publication 5. Bechtold. , Understanding Automotive Electronic , SAE Publication 6. Ronald K Jurgen, Aut omotive Microcontrollers SAE Publications 7. Ronald K Jurgen, Passenger Safety and Convenience Systems SAE PublicationB-Tech 3rd year(6th Semester) (Automobile Engineering) AE-314E Microprocessor & Interfacing Lab L 3 T 1 P Class Work Exam Total 1. Study of 8085 Microprocessor Kit. 2. bring through a program to add and subtract two 8-bit number using 8085 3. Study of 8051/8031 Micro controller kits. 4. Write a program for multiplication of two numbers using 8051 5. Write a program to interface the ADC. 6. Write a program to control a hoofer motor in direction, speed and number of steps. 7. Write a program to control the speed of DC motor 8. Write a program to control the traffic light system using 8085/8086 microprocessors and 8255 PPI 9. Programming of a PLC establish system to control speed of DC motor 10.Programming of a PLC based system to control stepper motor Note Any 8 experiments from the above list and other 2 from others (developed by institute) are required to be perfo rmed by students in the laboratory. 50Marks 100Marks 150 Mark B-Tech 3rd year (6th Semester) (Automobile Engineering) AE-316E AUTOMOBILE ENGG. LAB. L T P 2 Class Work Exam Total List of experiments 1. To study and check report on the constructional details, working principles and operation of the following Automotive Steering Systems. (a) Manual Steering Systems, e. g. coal miner arm steering, Rack & Pinion steering. (b) Power steering Systems, e. g. Rack and Pinion Power Steering System. (c) Steering Wheels and Columns e. g. Tilt & Telescopic steering Wheels, Collapsible Steering Columns. 2.To study and unsex report on the constructional details, working principles and operation of the following Automotive Tyres& wheels. (a) Various Types of Bias & Radial Tyres. (b) Various Types of wheels. 3. To study and prepare report on the constructional details, working principles and operation of the Automotive Brake systems. (a) Hydraulic & Pneumatic Brake systems. (b) Drum Brake System. (c) Disk Brake System. (d) Antilock Brake System. (e) System Packing & Other Brakes. 25Marks 25Marks 50 Mark 4. To study and prepare report on the constructional details, working principles and operation of Automotive Emission / Pollution control systems. 5. Modeling of any two automotive systems on 3D CAD using educational softwares (eg. D modeling portion/Pro Engineering/I-Deas/ Solid edge etc. ) 6. Crash worthiness of the designed frame using Hypermesh and LS-Dyna solver or other software. Note Any 8 experiments from the above list and other 2 from others (developed by institute) are required to be performed by students in the laboratory. B-Tech 3rd year (6th Semester) (Automobile Engineering) AE-318E AUTO pollution & CONTROL LAB L T P 2 Class Work Exam Total List of Experiments 1. To Study of Pressure pickups, charge amplifier, storage oscilloscope and signal analysers used for IC engine testing. 2. Performance study of petrol and diesel engines both at full load and part l oad conditions. 3.Determination of compression ratio, volumetric efficiency and optimum cooling water flow rate in engines.. 4. interrogation of 2 and 4 wheelers using chassis dynamometers. 5. Study of NDIR Gas Analyzer and FID 6. Study of Chemiluminescent NOx analyzer 7. Measurement of HC, CO, CO2, O2 using exhaust gas analyzer 8. Diesel smoke measurement. 9. Study of Exhaust gas re circulation system in diesel engine. References1. Giles. J. G. , Vehicle Operation and performance, IIIiffe Books Ltd. , London, 1989. 2. Crouse. W. H. and Anglin. D. L. , Motor Vehicle Inspection, McGraw Hill Book Co. , 1978. 3. Ganesan. V. , Internal Combustion engines, Tata McGraw Hill Co. , 1994. 4. BIS code Books, IS-10000 series, 1988.Note Any 8 experiments from the above list and other 2 from others (developed by institute) are required to be performed by students in the laboratory. 25Marks 25Marks 50 Marks B-Tech 3rd year (6th Semester) (Automobile Engineering) AE-320E GRAPHICS LAB L T P 3 Cla ss Work Exam Total 25Marks 25Marks 50 Mar 1. AutoCAD or similar drafting software 2. Computer Aided outline introduction 3. Learning standard tools of Computer Aided Drafting with exercise 4. Creating 2D drawings of simple automotive component like gaskets, brackets, valves etc. 5. Applying dimension and tolerance on entities. 6. Creating 2D detail drawing, cross sections & partial views of automotive components like flywheel, piston etc. 7. Concept of multi layer system with exercise. 8.Applying geometrical tolerance on drawing. References 1. Shrock Cheryl R. , Exercise Workbook for Beginning AutoCAD, New Age International, 2006. 2. George Omura, Mastering AutoCAD, BPB Publication, 2005. Note Any 8 experiments from the above list and other 2 from others (developed by institute) are required to be performed by students in the laboratory. B-Tech 3rd year (6th Semester) (Automobile Engineering) AE-322E TRIBOLOGY LAB. L T P 2 Class Work Exam Total 25Marks 25Marks 50 Marks 1. To stu dy the pressure distribution of a journal bearing using journal bearing apparatus. 2. To determine abrasion index of a material with the help of dry abrasion tester. 3.To determine the rate of wear of metal and plot displacement v/s time curves by friction & wear monitor apparatus. 4. To evaluate the load wear index & weld point with the help of four ball bombard pressure tester. 5. Analysis of various properties of lubricant of using lubricant oil analyzer. 6. Compare and analyzer the wear characteristics of different materials. 7. To study different types of bearing used in industries. 8. To study the effect of axial and circumferential grooves in cases of oil bearing. Note Any 8 experiments from the above list and other 2 from others (developed by institute) are required to be performed by students in the laboratory.